Friday 26 September 2014

Vizvavid: Age of Universe

Age of Universe:



Hello friends, have you ever wonder, how much old is our Universe & How it started. We already know that our solar system is very much small compared to the Universe & it is part of Milky Way galaxy (the galaxy we are living in). There are billions or trillions of galaxies are there in a single cluster (a bundles of galaxies), but a Universe have infinite (means uncountable numbers of) clusters are there.
So again, How much time will be taken to exist this much matter (Age of Universe).

Powers of Ten (Micro to Macro Universe) Video link:

Let’s discuss this Age of Universe into two ways 1). Modern Science

                                                                                2). Religious Texts

According to modern physics (Science):

Scientists believed that universe is expanding now (by Hubble’s telescope), somehow in the past it was starting at single point is called Big bang.

Big Bang theory says that the current age of universe is 13.7 billion years. But according to new observations, i.e. clusters of galaxies, super-clusters, it is quite evident that our universe is so much older than that. Lots of Cosmologists believes that big-bang theory is not correct although it is most widely accepted. In short, modern man is not aware of forces and science which are needed to explain the creation of universe.



















In physical cosmology, the age of the universe is the time elapsed since the Big Bang.

In the 1920s, astronomer Edwin Hubble discovered the universe was not static. Rather, it was expanding; so it revealed that the universe was apparently born in a Big Bang (by above images).
After that, it was long thought the Gravity of matter in the universe was certain to slow the expansion of the universe.

Then, in 1998, the Hubble Space Telescope's observations of very distant supernovae revealed that a long time ago, the universe was expanding more slowly than it is today.
In other words, the expansion of the universe was not slowing due to gravity, but instead inexplicably was accelerating. The name for the unknown force driving this accelerating expansion is dark energy, and it remains one of the greatest mysteries in science.

So Modern Science also does not give the exact age of Universe, instead of that they are giving roughly 13.7 billion years.


The expansion of Universe by Doppler Effect:

The Doppler Effect (or Doppler shift) is the change in frequency of a wave (or other periodic event) for an observer moving relative to its source. It is named after the Austrian physicist Christian Doppler, who proposed it in 1842 in Prague.

Doppler blue shift + Doppler red shift = Doppler shift

Doppler red shift or RED shift: In physics, Red shift happens when light or other electromagnetic radiation from an object is increased in wavelength, or shifted to the red end of the spectrum.

Doppler blue shift or BLUE shift: A Blue shift is any decrease in wavelength (increase in frequency); the opposite effect is referred to as red-shift.

The Red shift - which shows how fast something is moving away - is speeding up, meaning the universe is expanding.
By calculating how much it is accelerating by, and how fast it is going, if we can run the equation in reverse and determine how long ago big bang happened.

Calculating the age of Universe by Hubble’s constant (By Edwin Hubble):

By using Hubble’s law V = H0D
V = velocity (meter/sec), D = distance (meter)
H0 = Hubble constant (sec-1). From this: V/ D = H0
D/ V = T (time) in sec (or) 1/H0
The reciprocal of the Hubble constant (H0) is approximately the age of the Universe, Not exactly. And you have to get the units first; Mega parsecs and kilometers are both distances.
1/H0 = age of Universe.

Hubble's constant (H0) is around 71 Km/s/Mps (or) kilometers per second per mega parsec
1 mega parsec = 30.86 x 10^18 kilometers
H0 = (71 km/sec)/ (30.86 x 10^18 km) = 2.30 x 10^-18 sec^-1
The age of the universe = 1/H0 = 1/2.30 x 10^-18 sec^-1 = 4.34 x 10^17 seconds
There are 31,557,000 seconds in a year.

Converting seconds into years:

4.34 x 10^17 / (3.156 x10^7) = 13.751 x 10^9 years or 13.7 billion years.

According to Science the age of Universe is around: 13.7 billion years.

According to Religious Texts:

Different Religions giving information about Creation with different ways, but cannot determine Age of Universe clearly (Approximately they are giving). If we are thinking there is a beginning of universe (Big bang), then there must be an end to this universe (Big crunch). Then how much old is our universe.
Let’s look at Vedic Science and Meta physics and what it says.

1. Total age of universe is 311.04 trillion years (human years).
2. Current age is around 155.521972944 trillion years.

How it is calculated:

There are 4 ages on earth which keeps circulating: (Yuga Cycles)
•          Satya Yuga - 1.728 million years (four times the kali Yuga)
•          Treta Yuga - 1.296 million years (three times the kali Yuga)
•          Dwapara Yuga - 0.864 million years (two times the kali Yuga)
•          Kali Yuga - 0.432 million years

1Yuga Cycle: 4.32 million human years.

•          This Yuga cycle is called Maha (great/big) or divya (divine) Yuga.
•          One thousand (1000) such Yuga cycles forms one day of Brahma (God of creation).
•          So one day of Brahma is 4.32 million * 1000 = 4.32 billion human years.
•          Each such day of Brahma is called a "Kalpa".
•          His night also constitutes 4.32 billion human years. During his day, life exists in Universe.
•          In night time, no form of life exists.

So one complete day and night of Brahma has 8.64 billion human years.

•          Age of Brahma is 100 years.
•          Each year of Brahma has 360 days and same number of nights.
•          Thus, total age of Brahma is 360 * 100 * 8.64 billion = 311,040 billion human years.
•          I.e. 311.04 trillion years. This period is called "Maha Kalpa".
•          The life span of the Universe is one "Maha kalpa": (311.04 trillion Human years).
•          This time span is also the duration of one breath of "Vishnu" (God of Preservation)
•          When he exhales, thousands of universes emerge and one "Brahma" is born in each     
              Universe.
•          When "Vishnu" inhales, all universes get sucked and Brahma dies.

This cycle is non-ending and eternal. That’s why "Vishnu" is considered eternal in Vedic Science.

How much old is our universe:

Note that the period of Satya Yuga is 0.4x, Treta Yuga is 0.3x, Dwapara Yuga is 0.2x and Kali Yuga is 0.1x where x is the time-span of one Maha-Yuga cycle. I will use 'x' as 1 Maha-Yuga cycle (4.32 million human years) subsequently.

·         In 1 day of Brahma = 14 "manvantara" (manvantara = manu + antara = 1 life span of Manu).

·         Each "manvantara" is divided into 71 "Maha-Yuga" cycles.

·         So total make 14*71 = 994x (Maha-Yuga cycles).

·         Remaining cycles are used to fill gaps between manvantara.

·         Before and after each manvantara, follows one Sandhi Kala of the same duration as a Krita/Satya Yuga.

·         The period that precedes a Yuga is called a Sandhya.

·         The period that follows a Yuga, termed the Sandhyansa, is of similar duration.

·         The interval between the Sandhya and the Sandhyansa is the Yuga, denominated as Krita/ (satya),  Treta, Dwapara and Kali yugas.'

It is said that during a Sandhi Kala, the entire earth is submerged in water called Pralayam (dissolution)

            Total numbers of Sandhi kala are 15 (since there are 14 manvantaras).
So total gap period is = 0.4x * 15 = 6x.

Hence total makes 1000 Maha-Yuga cycles = 1 Brahma day.

Sandhya 400 + 4,000 + Sandhyansa 400 = 4,800 divine years = (1,728,000 human years) = 1 Krita (Satya) Yuga

Sandhya 300 + 3,000 + Sandhyansa 300 = 3,600 divine years = (1,296,000 human years) = 1 Treta Yuga

Sandhya 200 + 2,000 + Sandhyansa 200 = 2,400 divine years = (864,000 human years) = 1 Dwapara Yuga

Sandhya100 + 1,000 + Sandhyansa 100 = 1,200 divine years = (432,000 human years) = 1 Kali Yuga

12,000 divine years = 4 Yugas = (4,320,000 human years) = 1 Maha-Yuga

According to the Vedic texts, Current age of Brahma is 50 Brahma years and 1 Brahma day (we are in the 1st day of 2nd half of Brahma) and we are in the seventh "manvantara", in the 28th turnover of its 71 Yuga cycles. In this cycle, we are in the starting of Kali Yuga (approximately 8000 years).

So current age of our universe (in terms of Maha-Yuga cycles) =

(50 * 720 * 1000) = 50 years * (360 days + 360 nights) * total no. of cycles in one day/night
+ (6 * 71) = 6 manvantara each of 71 Maha-Yuga cycle
+ (7 * 0.4) = 7 sandhi kala or gaps for 6 manvantara
+ (27 * 1) = we are in 28th cycle of 71 Maha-Yuga cycle (out of 1000 cycles)
+ (0.4+0.3+0.2) = in this cycle, we are in Kali Yuga.
(Satya Yuga, Treat Yuga and Dwapara Yuga are 0.4x, 0.3x and 0.2x respectively).
+ Around 8000 human years = Kali Yuga

Thus total age = (36,000,000 + 456.7) x = 36,000,456.7 * 4.32 million = 155,521,972.944 million years = 155.521972944 trillion human years.

Now add the age of Kaliyuga. I.e. around 8000 human years. Once we calculate the exact age of Kaliyuga, we can know the exact age of universe.

Calculations:

Age of Universe: (according to Vedas)

Before going into solar years (Age according to humans presently) of universe, we will discuss some Hindu cosmology (Hindu time cycles).

Brahma lives for 100 years (according to Hindu cosmology).

1 human year (in Hindu calendar) = 1 Deva Ahoratra (1 complete day) or (1 day and 1 night)

360 Deva Ahoratras = 1 Deva Vatsara (1 year)

12,000 Deva Vatsara (years) = 1 Chaturyuga (four yugas)

(12,000 Deva Vatsaras (years) = 4,800 Deva Vatsaras of Krita (satya) Yuga
                                             + 3,600 Deva Vatsaras of Treta Yuga
                                             +2,400 Deva Vatsaras of Dwapara Yuga
                                             + 1,200 Deva Vatsaras of Kali Yuga).
1 Maha-Yuga = 10 times the Kaliyuga

(Which is:
·         Satya Yuga = 4,800*360 = 1,728,000 human years ; Human Avg life span= 100,000 years

·         Treta Yuga = 3,600*360= 1,296,000 human years ; Human Avg life span= 10,000 years

·         Dwapara Yuga = 2,400 * 360 = 864,000 human years; Human Avg life span= 1,000 years

·         Kali Yuga = 1,200 * 360 = 432,000 human years ; Human Avg life span= 100 years)

71 Chaturyugas (four yugas) = 1 manvantara (1 life span of Manu)

14 Manvantaras = 1 kalpa (1 day of Brahma) = 994 Maha yugas

2 Kalpas (1 complete day) = 1 day + 1 Brahma ratra (night)

[8.64 billion Human years] = 994 Mahayugas + 6 MahaYugas (gap period) = 1000 MahaYugas

30 days of Brahma = 1 month of Brahma (259.2 billion human years)

360 days of Brahma = 1 Brahma varsha (year) = (3.1104 trillion human years)

50 years of Brahma = 1 Parardham = (155.52 trillion human years)

This is the Age of Universe presently = (155.521972944 trillion human years)

(50 years of Brahma + 1 Brahma day (we are in the 1st day of 2nd half of Brahma))

2 parardhams = 100 years of Brahma = 1 Param = 1 Maha-Kalpa (the life span of Brahma) or (311.04 trillion human years) or [life span of universe]. {Means big bang to big crunch}.

Hindu Cosmology:

The Hindu cosmology and timeline is the closest to modern scientific timelines and even more which might indicate that the Big Bang is not the beginning of everything, but just the start of the present cycle preceded by an infinite number of universes and to be followed by another infinite number of universes.

The Nasadiya Sukta of the Rig Veda describes the origin of the universe. The Rig Veda's view of the cosmos also sees one true divine principle self-projecting as the divine word, Vaak, 'birthing' the cosmos that we know, from the monistic Hiranyagarbha or Golden Egg. The Universe is created by Brahma (The God of creation). The Universe is preserved by Vishnu (The God of Preservation) and destroyed by Shiva (The God of Destruction). These three constitute the holy trinity (Trimurti) of the Hindu religion. Once the Universe has been destroyed by Shiva, Brahma starts the creation once again. This creation-destruction cycle repeats itself almost endlessly as described above on Brahma, Manu and the Yugas.

Manvantara or Manuvantara, or age of a Manu, the Hindu progenitor of humanity, is an astronomical period of time measurement. Manvantara is a Sanskrit sandhi, a combination of words manu and antara, manu-antara or manvantara, literally meaning the duration of a Manu, or his life span.

Each Manvantara is created and ruled by a specific Manu, who in turn is created by Brahma, the Creator himself. Manu creates the world, and all its species during that period of time, each Manvantara lasts the lifetime of a Manu, upon whose death, Brahma creates another Manu to continue the cycle of Creation or Shristi, Vishnu on his part takes a new Avatar, and also a new Indra and Saptarishis are appointed.

Eventually it takes 14 Manus and their respective Manvantaras to create a Kalpa, Aeon, or a ‘Day of Brahma’, according to the Hindu Time Cycles and also the Vedic timeline. Thereafter, at the end of each Kalpa, there is a period - same as Kalpa - of dissolution or Pralaya, wherein the world (earth and all life forms, but not the entire universe itself) is destroyed and lies in a state of rest, which is called the, ‘Night of Brahma’. After that the creator, Brahma starts his cycle of creation all over again, in an endless cycle of creation followed by Destruction for which Shiva, Hindu God of destruction, and also renewal, is invoked towards the end of each such cycle.

The Hindu religion is the only one of the world’s great faiths dedicated to the idea that the Cosmos itself undergoes an immense, indeed an infinite, number of deaths and rebirths. It is the only religion in which the time scales correspond, to those of modern scientific cosmology. Its cycles run from our ordinary day and night to a day and night of Brahma, 8.64 billion years long. Longer than the age of the Earth or the Sun and about half the time since the Big Bang. And there are much longer time scales still. - Carl Sagan, Famous Astrophysicist.

Summary:
Age of Universe (current): 13.7 Billion years (Modern Science)
Age of Universe (current): 155.52 trillion years (Vedic Science)

                                                         Thanks & Regards
                                                      G. Pratap Reddy (SME)
      I did not own any of this content, It is only for educational purpose.
                                            Source: All over Internet & Some Books.